Fig. 4: Protein–protein interaction network and enrichment analyses with TWAS risk genes of AD dementia by Avg-valid + SR models.

A A major network consisting of 23 TWAS risk genes is identified, including the well-known AD risk genes of TOMM40, APOC1, APOC2, and TNF. B Enriched phenotypes include AD-related phenotypes such as family history of AD, lipoprotein measurements, mental or behavioral disorder biomarkers, inflammatory biomarker measurements, and beta-amyloid 1–42 measurements.