Fig. 2: Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses in the Hevea genus.
From: Pan-genome and phylogenomic analyses highlight Hevea species delineation and rubber trait evolution
a Origin, domestication and dispersal of Hevea germplasms. The Hevea genus is native to South America, and its germplasm then spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Africa through two major introductions, the Wickham germplasm in 1876 (blue arrow) and the IRRDB germplasm in 1981 (orange arrow). The current annual yields of natural rubber in producer countries are displayed in colors of light (low yield) to dark green (high yield). b Phylogenetic tree (left panel) and ADMIXTURE plot (right panel) for 94 Hevea accessions, showing the distribution of K = 5 genetic clusters (for other K-values, see Supplementary Fig. 6). The phylogenetic tree construction and admixture analysis based on the nuclear DNA variants (SNPs and Indels) from 25 H. brasiliensis cultivars (Cul), 61 wild germplasms (AC, RO and MT) and 7 other Hevea species (Hbe, Hn, Hp and Hs) or variants (HnV), with the 16 germplasms resequenced in this study appearing on the right. The three Brazilian states (Acre, AC; Rondônia, RO; Mato Grosso, MT) where the H. brasiliensis wild germplasms were gathered, and the approximate locations of other Hevea species are as shown in the inset of Fig. 2a. c PCA plot of H. brasiliensis cultivars, wild germplasms and other Hevea species or species variants based on nuclear DNA variants. d PCA plot of H. brasiliensis cultivars, wild germplasms and other Hevea species or species variants based on chloroplast DNA variants (SNPs and Indels). e Inferred tree of Hevea germplasms with mixture events. Plotted is the structure of the graph inferred by TreeMix (http://treemix.googlecode.com) for H. brasiliensis cultivars, wild germplasms and other Hevea species or species variants, allowing four migration events. Migration arrows are colored according to their weight. Horizontal branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic drift that has occurred on the branch. The scale bar shows ten times the average standard error of the entries in the covariance matrix. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
