Fig. 5: In vivo validations of the IngRI. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: In vivo validations of the IngRI.

From: An ingestible, battery-free, tissue-adhering robotic interface for non-invasive and chronic electrostimulation of the gut

Fig. 5

A Schematic of in vivo experiments using anesthetized swine models. B Endoscopic images showing wireless powering of an LED device using the IngRI inside the gut. C Schematics of in vivo experiments to measure the conductive signaling delivered using the IngRI. Needle electrodes are placed at the swine’s abdomen to detect and record the corresponding waveform. D Recorded waveform from the subcutaneous needle electrodes as waveforms with different pulse widths are delivered under an FSK modulation scheme. A control experiment without the IngRI inside the gut is shown at the bottom to show that the wireless transmission did not interfere with the subcutaneous recording. E Averaged (n = 3) output voltages of the subcutaneous recording as different input voltages are used, under an AM modulation scheme. Data are presented as mean ± SD. F Schematic of plasma ghrelin level measurements in anesthetized swines stimulated with the IngRI. G Averaged (n = 3) fold change in plasma ghrelin levels as a function of time (IngRI, red; control, green). Error bars in all plots indicate standard deviations (SD). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data are collected from two different swine models on three different days, and therefore are considered biologically distinct. Figure (C) was created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en).

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