Fig. 2: Operational interactions between pinnipeds and fisheries have large negative consequences for fisheries but are highly heterogeneous.

Meta-analysis results of pooled estimates (middle panels) with respect to observations from each article (top panels), and heterogeneity measures (bottom panels), for articles quantifying the proportion of fishing days with interactions (a; n = 24) and the proportion of catch lost in those days (b; n = 22). In the top panels, each point is an observation from a retained article with estimated 95% confidence limits (Clopper-Pearson interval; Balduzzi et al. ⁷⁰), with the size of the point giving the number of fishing days, and multiple points indicating repeated observations. The middle panel gives the pooled estimates for both the random effects model and fixed effects only model, but we present random effects results, which accounts for repeated observations across studies, and gives more conservative estimates of uncertainty. Thus, the 95% confidence limits (shaded area) and pooled estimates (vertical line) are presented for the random effects model. The tables in the bottom panels are the heterogeneity measures, with 95% confidence limits.