Fig. 3: Crystallization process and film quality.
From: Synchronized crystallization in tin-lead perovskite solar cells
a In-situ PL monitored during spin-coating (after the anti-solvent was applied) and annealing stages of the perovskite films. b Surface SEM images of the control and target perovskite films; the scale bar is 2 µm. c Normalized ToF-SIMS depth profiles of the Sn and Pb species in the control and target perovskite films. d GIWAXS patterns of the control and target perovskite films.
