Fig. 4: Electronic structure characterizations.

a Pt L₃-edge XANES spectra of SA-Ru@Pt/MoC_x, PtO₂ and Pt foil. b Mo K-edge XANES spectra of SA-Ru@Pt/MoC_x, MoO₃ and Mo foil. c Ru K-edge XANES spectra of SA-Ru@Pt/MoC_x, RuO₂ and Ru foil. d–f The XPS spectra of Pt 4f, Mo 3d and Ru 3p in SA-Ru@Pt/MoC_x and reference samples.