Fig. 4: Mechanical response and fracture properties of four designs of material architectures compared to monolithic cast: parallel lamellar, perpendicular lamellar, bouligand, and double-bouligand.
From: Tough double-bouligand architected concrete enabled by robotic additive manufacturing
a, b Load-displacement plot and average modulus of rupture of unnotched specimens, c Load-displacement plot of notched specimens, d R-Curves (fracture toughness vs. crack extension) of notched specimens, with dashed lines denoting the highest fracture toughness for all design cases, and e, f Average toughness, \({K}_{{Jc}}\), and average work-of-fracture (WOF) of notched specimens. Data is shown as mean ± SD. * depicts p < 0.05 which indicates the statistically significant difference between the samples (at the ends of the solid line below a *). p-value is obtained from F-test and T-test.
