Fig. 1: Map of the study area, showing major reservoirs, rivers, canals, and water providers of the Tulare Lake Basin region in California’s Central Valley.

The infrastructure projects considered in this study are an expansion of the Friant-Kern Canal (FKC, dotted red line) and a new groundwater bank near the FKC and the Tule River (red star). “Friant Contractors” are water providers with contracts to receive Central Valley Project water from the FKC. “Non-Friant Contractors” are other water providers in the region without Friant contracts. The bottom center inset shows KCWA Improvement District No. 4, a water provider that overlaps with other providers in the square-designated region of the main map.