Fig. 6: Examples of sferics radiated by the strongest lightning strokes.
From: Whistler echo trains triggered by energetic winter lightning
a Waveform of the lightning sferics radiated by a positive CG occurring on 07:15:51.446161UT at 16.6281°E and 43.4542°N. b Waveform belonging to the lightning sferics emitted by a positive superbolt detected on 07:50:22. 927690UT at 21.4527°E and 33.2836°N. These sferics did not trigger whistler trains. The N-S component of the magnetic field is shown by the black line and the W-E component is plotted by coloured lines (Central Mediterranean – green, and Eastern and African Mediterranean – orange). The N-S component is inverted in both panels to prevent the overlapping of curves. Grey dashed horizontal lines indicate the saturation level of the receiver. The ground waves, sky waves, and preliminary breakdown pulse trains are identified in individual panels. Source data are provided as a Source Data File.
