Fig. 4: Fracture of damage-programmable (DP) metamaterials containing all key toughening mechanisms.
From: Damage-programmable design of metamaterials achieving crack-resisting mechanisms seen in nature
a The fracture load-displacement curves normalized by densities and design schematics showing the DP metamaterials with all the combined crack resistance mechanisms in comparison to a conventional metamaterial with same beam diameters (used as a reference), where yellow, purple, blue, red, dark gray, and green represent the negative shielding layer, positive shielding layer, crack deflection phase, crack bowing phase, implanted bridge, and crack dissipation zone, respectively. b The digital image correlation (DIC) analysis of the crack initiation, propagation, and complete fracture for the DP metamaterials with the combined crack resistances versus the reference. c X-ray computed tomography (XCT) showing the micro-scale 3D crack propagation of metamaterials with and without damage-programming. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
