Fig. 4: Assessment of enzymatic catalysis activity and mechanism.

a Enzymatic catalysis mechanism diagram. b Absorbance of oxTMB at 652 nm in Cu2−xSe HNSs solutions with different concentrations of H2O2 over time. c, d Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis (c) and Lineweaver-Burk plot (d). Data presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3 independent data). e ESR spectra of ·OH trapped by DMPO in Cu2−xSe HNSs and H2O2 mixed solution (Heating and 1064 nm irradiation time: 5 min; 1064 nm irradiation power: 1.0 W cm−2). f, g UV-vis absorption spectra of oxTMB in Cu2−xSe HNSs and H2O2 solution versus standing time (f) and temperatures (g). h O2 generation curves under different conditions. i Schematic models of the Cu2Se and Cu2−xSe with Cu vacancies. j–m Energy profiles of the POD-like (j) and CAT-like (l) catalytic pathways for Cu2Se and Cu2−xSe surfaces, and corresponding optimized structures (k, m). Source data are provided as a Source Data file (arb. units, arbitrary units).