Fig. 5: Exploration of the thermoelectric catalytic activities and mechanism.

a Schematic representation of the synergistic enzymatic and thermoelectric catalysis mechanism. b, c ESR spectra of ·O2− trapped by DMPO (b) and 1O2 trapped by TEMP (c) in Cu2−xSe HNSs and H2O2 mixed solution. d–g UV-vis absorption spectra of DPBF in Cu2−xSe HNSs and H2O2 solution versus temperature differences (d), heating cycles (e), laser radiation cycles (f), and H2O2 concentration (g) (Each cycle was heated and irradiated at 1064 nm (1.0 W cm−2) for 5 min). h, i Band structures of Cu2Se (h) and Cu2−xSe (i). Small red circles in (i) represent the defective states originating from the Cu vacancy. j, k Energy bandgap (j) and XPS valence band spectra (k) of Cu2−xSe HNSs. Insert in (j): UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum. l Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under continuous heating. m Mott-Schottky plots. n Thermoelectric current under temperature variations. o Band structure diagram of Cu2−xSe HNSs. Source data are provided as a Source Data file (arb. units, arbitrary units).