Fig. 3: Changes in outgoing radiation at the top of atmosphere (TOA) due to deforestation.

a, c, e Global pattern of the TOA outgoing radiation (shortwave + longwave) difference between the deforest-glob and piControl simulations (deforest-glob minus piControl), respectively, under all-sky, clear-sky, and all-sky minus clear-sky circumstances. Diagonal hashing indicates four or more of the five models showing the same sign of change. b, d, f ERA5 TOA outgoing radiation (shortwave + longwave) variations due to deforestation using the space-for-time substitution (see Methods). Global mean values and standard errors for (a–f) are shown in (g). The offset ratio is the proportion of all-sky minus clear-sky to the all-sky value. h CMIP6 zonal mean of the TOA outgoing radiation (shortwave + longwave) difference between the deforest-glob and piControl simulations under both clear-sky and all-sky minus clear-sky circumstances. The black line indicates the zonal mean offset ratio and the dashed yellow line is the ratio equal to −0.5. The CMIP6 data were the ensemble mean of the local effect extracted from multi-model simulations (see Methods).