Fig. 5: Targeting IL36G/IL1RL2 signaling in cancer cachexia.

a Protein expression of Myh1 and Il36r in C2C12 myotubes with or without Il36r. Scale bar, 50 μm. Representative image and relative expression levels of Il36r are shown (Il36r-WT, n = 18 cells; Il36r-KO, n = 15 cells). b Schematic of the co-culture assay. c Relative diameters of C2C12 myotubes after the co-culture assay with the indicated cells. Representative results of more than three independent experiments are shown. The number of muscle fibers analyzed in each sample is shown. d Schematic of experimental design. e Body weight of Il36g-WT Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 6 mice) and Il36g-KO Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 5 mice). f Forelimb grip strength of Il36g-WT Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 6 mice) and Il36g-KO Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 5 mice). g Skeletal muscle weight of Il36g-WT Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 6 mice, at 5 weeks after BMT) and Il36g-KO Mo-Leukemia mice (n = 5 mice, at 5 weeks after BMT) at the endpoint. Weights are normalized to the IBW and presented as weight/100 mg IBW. h Schematic of experimental design. i Body weight of the control (n = 4 mice), Mo-Leukemia mice with Il36r (n = 4 mice), and Mo-Leukemia mice without Il36r (n = 8 mice). j Forelimb grip strength of Mo-Leukemia mice with or without Il36r (n = 4 mice per group) at the endpoint relative to control mice. k Skeletal muscle weight of control (n = 3 mice, at 5 weeks after BMT) and Mo-Leukemia mice with Il36r (n = 4 mice, at 3 to 5 weeks after BMT) or without Il36r (n = 4 mice, at 5 weeks after BMT). Weights are normalized to the IBW and presented as weight/100 mg IBW. l Schematic of experimental design. m Body weight of the control (n = 6 mice) and 4T1 breast cancer mice with or without Il36r (n = 5 mice per group). n Forelimb grip strength of 4T1 breast cancer mice with or without Il36r (n = 5 mice per group) at the endpoint relative to control mice. o Skeletal muscle weight of control (n = 6 mice) and 4T1 breast cancer mice with or without Il36r (n = 5 mice per group) at day 15. Weights are normalized to the IBW and presented as weight/100 mg IBW. p Proposed mechanism for CiM-mediated cancer cachexia development. Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (c, e, g, i, j, n) and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test (k, m, o). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. NS is not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.