Fig. 2: KIE measurements of FAOR on Pd/C catalysts.

Linear sweep voltammograms on Pd/C in solutions containing (a) 0.1 M HClO4 + 0.1 M HCOOH at pH1, (b) 0.2 M HCOOH + 0.2 M NaHCOO + 0.2 M NaClO4 at pH3.7 and (c) 0.1 M NaOH + 0.1 M NaHCOO at pH13. Label C-H(C-D) refers to (deuterated) formate/formic acid, and O-H(O-D) refers to (deuterated) water. The scan rate is set at 10 mV/s and the rotating speed of the RDE at 1600 rpm. d The plots of KIE factors for C-H/D and O-H/D against solution pH for FAOR, where the dotted lines are used for the guide of eyes. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.