Fig. 3: Shape changes according to reproductive strategy.

a Marginal effect of reproductive strategy on shape variation. Landmark deviation from sexual to asexual forms (arrows, not magnified), when controlling for size and environment × lineage interaction. Green and red arrows represent respectively significant (p ≤ 0.05) and nonsignificant (p > 0.05) differences between sexual and asexual organisms for each landmark. Landmarks were analyzed by a partial RDA, conditioned for the environmental condition (natural/common garden), lineage, and size (allometry). P-values were computed by ANOVA and adjusted by a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. b Asexual and sexual individual head photographs. Typical lineage B-01 asexual triploid (left) and sexual triploid (right), from the natural habitat are shown to highlight the difference at the level of the operculum. The graph paper behind the subjects shows 1 mm² squares. Source data for this figure can be found in Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Code 1.