Fig. 5: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and potential in actual sewage treatment.

a Relative environmental impact of environmentally relevant descriptors for treating 1 kg SIZ in Fenton-like processes with Fe3O4/PMS, ZIF-derived FeSA/PMS and D−FeN4−C/PMS systems. b Schematic diagram of the continuous-flow catalytic unit coupled with microreactor or enlarged microreactor. c, d Treatment of SIZ and actual hospital wastewater by the microreactor and the Fe leaching concentration. e, f Treatment of SIZ and actual hospital wastewater by the enlarged microreactor and the Fe leaching concentration. g Schematic illustration for the possible industrial hospital wastewater treatment with D−FeN4−C as the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. Reaction condition for d and f: [TOC of hospital wastewater] = 49.70 mg L−1. Error bars are standard error values of three tests (n = 3). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.