Fig. 6: Vlasov–Maxwell frequencies and damping/growth rates.
From: Direct observation of ion cyclotron damping of turbulence in Earth’s magnetosheath plasma
a Normalized wave frequency ω/Ωi for T⊥i/T∥i = 1.0 (dotted) and T⊥i/T∥i = 2.43 (dashed) vs. normalized parallel wavenumber k∥di with fixed k⊥di = 0.016. b For T⊥i/T∥i = 1.0, damping γ < 0 (black dotted) occurs for all k∥di, but for T⊥i/T∥i = 2.43, unstable growth with γ > 0 (red dashed) occurs over 0.3≤k∥di≤0.9, with damping γ < 0 (blue dashed) outside that range. c For T⊥i/T∥i = 1.0, decomposition of the total damping rate (black dotted): total electron damping γe (blue), ion Landau damping (iLD, red short-dashed), ion transit-time damping (iTTD, red long-dashed), and ion cyclotron damping (iCD, green dashed). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
