Fig. 1: Catalytic methoxycarbonylation of alkenes.
From: Ambient-pressure alkoxycarbonylation for sustainable synthesis of ester
a Sustainable production of MP from ethylene and methanol under atmospheric pressure CO, with >98% selectivity of MP. b State-of-the-art cases reported in alkoxycarbonylation reactions of alkenes. Black symbols: molecular catalysts; colored symbols: solid catalysts. References are cited in (b), and for more details, see Supplementary Table 1. c Three possible pathways for the catalytic reaction involving styrene, CO and methanol. The regioselectivity of carbonylation is shown. d Screening solid catalysts. Reaction conditions: 5 wt.% M/C (20 mg) or 2 wt.% Ru/oxide (30 mg), styrene (0.2 mmol), MeOH (2 mL), 160 °C, 10 h, CO (1 MPa) or ★ (0.1 MPa). Other is primarily the dimer of styrene. The reaction evolutions with e CO pressure and f time over Ru/NbOx. Reaction conditions: 2 wt.% Ru/NbOx (30 mg), styrene (0.2 mmol), MeOH (2 mL), 170 °C, 10 h in (e), 0.1 MPa CO in (f).
