Fig. 5: The spatio-temporal distributions of Aerosol Direct Radiative Effect (ADRE) change (ΔADRE) due to surface albedo change (ΔSA) in the clear-sky condition.

a the spatial distribution of the decadal trend in Surface Albedo from 2000 to 2020, with grids having P < 0.05 shown with the percentage to the total data points being 30.41%; (b) similar to (a) but for ΔADRE; (c) the variation of ΔADRE with ΔSA globally and in each hemisphere, with error bars representing standard deviations; (d1) the monthly average of ΔADRE at global (black line) and at hemispheric scales, where red and blue lines represent that at the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH), respectively; (d2) the monthly variations of ΔSA globally and in each hemisphere, with bar graphs showing the trends of SA; the red line indicates the monthly average of Aerosol Optical Depths (AOD), where triangles represent the global average of AOD, and squares and circles represent that at the NH and SH, respectively. Noted that the average values of ΔADRE, ΔSA and AOD in Fig. 5c, d are derived from regions where the SA trend is significant.