Fig. 5: Antitumor effect of RuX in vitro under self-driven electrical stimulation.

a Schematic illustration of RuX killing tumor cells via enzyme-like cascade reactions. b Viability of 4T1 cells under different conditions. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 5 independent experiments). 4T1: murine mammary carcinoma cell line. c Viability of 4T1 cells after different treatments with Ru1000. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 5 independent experiments). d Viability of L929 cells after treatment with different concentrations of Ru1000 with/without electrical stimulation. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 5 independent experiments). L929: mouse fibroblast cell line. e Laser confocal images and (f) green/red fluorescence (FL) ratio of 4T1 cells stained with Calcein-AM (live cells: green) and propidium iodide (dead cells: red) after various treatments. g Laser confocal images of intracellular ROS level stained with DCFH-DA in 4T1 cells and h corresponding quantitative data of intracellular ROS levels. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. i JC-1 stained laser confocal image and (j) green/red FL ratios of 4T1 cells. k GSH/GSSG ratio in 4T1 cells before and after treatment with of Ru1000 (200 μg mL⁻¹) and Ru1000 + E. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). In (e, g, i) the experiments were repeated independently three times with similar results, and a representative result is shown for each. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.