Fig. 5: Experiment 2 Methods and Results.
From: Parallel development of social behavior in biological and artificial fish
a We tested whether artificial fish can learn collective behavior when trained in naturalistic visual environments, akin to those faced by fish in nature. We created a realistic underwater seafloor environment with high-resolution sand textures, shadows, drifting ocean particles, and caustic lighting. b During the training period, we measured the average pairwise distance across all of the fish (n = 16) in the group. All of the artificial fish (all four intrinsic motivation algorithms and both the blue and orange fish), rapidly developed collective behavior early in training. Data are presented as mean values. Error bars indicate ±1 SEM.
