Fig. 4: Characteristics of the water desorption-driven endothermic reaction (WD-ER) unit.

a Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of chromium(III) terephthalate metal-organic frameworks (MIL-101(Cr)). b N2 adsorption curve of MIL-101(Cr). c Isothermal water adsorption curve of MIL-101(Cr). d Dynamic water sorption cycles of MIL-101(Cr) at 23 °C. e Solubility variation with temperature of ammonium nitrate, which presents the energy density of ammonium nitrate at 722 kJ kg−1 within the operating temperature range of 5–50 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.