Fig. 3: Assessment of the effects of electrical stimulation on behaviors of fibroblasts.

a Schematic diagram of BioES-suture generating ES to promote cell migration and proliferation. b Microscopic images of the scratch assay. The cells were stimulated with or without ES. The cells were stimulated for 1 h, and images from two group were captured 24 h later. Scale bar: 100 μm. c Cell migration distances at different time points after performing the scratch assay. n = 3 independent samples. (d) Relative wound area from the group with and without ES in the scratch assay. n = 3 independent samples. (e) The immunofluorescence images of Ki67-stained fibroblasts show the proliferation status of two groups. The cells were stimulated for 1 h at 12 h intervals and were captured 72 h later. Scale bar: 100 μm. (f) The relative fluorescence intensity of Ki67 and proportion of Ki67-positive cells in each group. All statistical analyzes were performed by one-way ANOVA, data represent mean ± standard deviation, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.