Fig. 7: Validation of CT model-based results in developmental gene expression data.

First row: Modeled CT change explained by individual neurobiological markers, exactly corresponding to univariate results in Figs. 3 and 4. X values are aligned to the first year of each tested modeled CT change time period (e.g., Δ(5,10) is aligned to 5 years on x-axis). Shades following each line visualize other possible alignments (Δ(5,10) is aligned to 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 years). Vertical shaded boxes indicate time periods in which CT change was explained significantly (FDR). Following rows: Normalized log₂-transformed gene expression trajectories for maximally 5 original atlases that loaded on factor-level neurobiological markers with λ > |0.3| (c.f., Fig. S15). Gene expression for each marker was derived from related single genes or from averaging across gene sets. Grey dots indicate the average neocortical expression of individual subjects. Black lines and shades show locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) curves with 95% confidence intervals. Associations were tested for by averaging the LOESS data within and outside of each respective time period and comparing mean and ratio against null data randomly sampled from non-brain genes (positive-sided exact p values). ★: FDR-corrected across all tests; ✩: nominal p < 0.05. CT CT change, adj. adjusted, FDR false discovery rate, ns not significant, see Fig. 2 for abbreviations used in neurobiological marker names. Source data including exact p values are provided as a Source Data file.