Table 1 Higher labor intensity needed for BEV assembly for all three counties studied

	ICEV Assembly	BEV Assembly
Alameda, California
Owner	NUMMI	Tesla
Vehicle models	Tacoma, Corolla, Vibe	Model S/X/3/Y
Peak productivity year	2006	2019
Production volume	429,000	364,000
Employment	6700	16,700
Labor intensity	16 WPV	46 WPV
Includes engine/transmission production?	No^61,62	—
Includes pack assembly?	—	Some*^{30,31,32,33,34,35}
Includes cell manufacturing?	—	No^{31,32,33,34,36}

Oakland, Michigan
Owner	General Motors	General Motors
Vehicle models	Sonic, Verano, Malibu	Chevy Bolt BEV
Peak productivity year	2013	2022
Production volume	159,000	42,000
Employment	2600	1200
Labor intensity	17 WPV	31 WPV
Includes engine/transmission production?	No⁶³	—
Includes pack assembly?	—	No**
Includes cell manufacturing?	—	No^42,43

McLean, Illinois
Owner	Mitsubishi	Rivian
Vehicle models	Outlander, Galant, Eclipse	R1T, R1S
Peak productivity year	2014	2022
Production volume	69,000	18,000
Employment	1300	5500
Labor intensity	18 WPV	316 WPV
Includes engine/transmission production?	No⁶⁴	—
Includes pack assembly?	—	Yes⁴⁷
Includes cell manufacturing?	—	No⁴⁷

Production volume, employment numbers, and labor intensity correspond to the year of minimum labor intensity. The lists of vehicle models highlight certain high-volume production models and are not exhaustive. (*) Battery pack assembly for Model S and X reportedly took place in Alameda³⁰; Battery pack assembly for Model 3 and Y reportedly took place offsite in Gigafactory 1 located in Sparks, Nevada^{31,32,33,34,35}. (**) Battery pack assembly for the Chevy Bolt occurs at a separate facility in Hazel Park, Michigan. The economic output of the Hazel Park facility is not vehicles and is assumed to be excluded from NAICS code 3361 (motor vehicle manufacturing). ICEV: internal combustion engine vehicle. BEV: battery electric vehicle. NUMMI: New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. NAICS: North American Industry Classification System. WPV: workers per 1000 vehicles per annum (labor intensity).

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