Fig. 2: Apelin alters renal haemodynamics in health and chronic kidney disease.
Both 1 nmol/min and 30 nmol/min infusions of [Pyr1]apelin-13 altered renal haemodynamics in healthy subjects (blue, n = 12) and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD, red, n = 12). Effective renal blood flow (ERBF) increased in both groups (A) (*p = 0.044, **p = 0.002 in health and *p < 0.05, **p = 0.006 in CKD for within-group comparison to baseline; †p = 0.038 for between-group comparison). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell in patients with CKD alone (B) (*p = 0.028, **p = 0.001 for within-group comparison to baseline and †p = 0.015, †††p = 0.0009 for between-group comparison). Effective filtration fraction (EFF) fell in both health and CKD (C) (*p = 0.045 in health and ***p = 0.0002, ****p < 0.0001 in CKD for within-group comparison to baseline and ††p < 0.01 for between-group comparison). In patients with CKD, urinary protein excretion fell significantly (D) (**p < 0.01 for within-group comparison to baseline and ††p = 0.006 for comparison to placebo). The grey bar represents the time during which apelin was infused. Data are presented as mean values +/− SEM. Analyses were by 2-way ANOVA (GFR) or mixed effects model (ERBF, EFF and protein excretion) with Dunnett’s or Šidák’s multiple comparison corrections for within or between-group comparisons, respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
