Fig. 2: Results of a FEA model used to simulate X-ray heating. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Results of a FEA model used to simulate X-ray heating.

From: Phase transition kinetics of superionic H2O ice phases revealed by Megahertz X-ray free-electron laser-heating experiments

Fig. 2

The model simulates X-ray irradiation of the Cu coupler in DAC 8 (run 533). a Temperature evolution at the coupler edge, in the crucible center, and 0.5 µm from the edge of the coupler. Although the coupler temperature undergoes continuous oscillations, these are strongly damped in the center of the crucible and the temperature stabilizes after ~20 pulses. However, temperature oscillations in the H2O are still significant in the vicinity of the Cu coupler (~500 K at 0.5 µm from the coupler edge). b Temperature distribution in the sample at the time of the 82nd XFEL pulse, showing conditions detected with XRD. Black lines show possible boundaries between ice VII and SI-ice, taken to be at 1500 K12 or 2000 K13. The XFEL beam is incident from below. Temperatures in (a) are reported at the blue, green, and orange points. Source data for panel (a) are provided as a Source Data file.

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