Fig. 4: Evaluation of the influence of ensemble effect on catalytic reactivity.

a, b Top-view schematic representations of the corresponding diffusion pathways for Fe SASC (a) and FeCo DASC (b). c The sulfur-based electrochemical reaction mechanism on FeCo DASC with ensemble effects. d Apparent activation energies of the Li₂S to Li₂S_n conversion for Fe SASC, FeCo DASC, FeNi DASC, FeCu DASC, and catalyst-free sample calculated from the CV profiles. e The overpotential obtained from the CV profiles of symmetric cells with Li₂S₆-containing electrolyte. The error bars for all catalysts were determined from the standard deviation. f Ea at different potentials at a given discharge voltage for Fe SASC and FeCo SASC. The error bars for all catalysts were determined from the standard deviation. g The overall workflow diagram, showing the steps of revealing ensemble effect by multi-view machine-learned framework. The detailed definition of features is listed in Supplementary Table 1–3.