Fig. 3: Metabolites secreted by Eh_B17, Es_B36, and Eh_B56 blocks ZIKV infection.

a The effect of retention (secreted proteins) and flow-through (secreted metabolites) fractions of Eh_B17, Es_B36, and Eh_B56 culture supernatant on ZIKV infection in C6/36 cells at 48 h (n = 3 biologically independent cell samples; one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests). Con.: LB-medium treatment. b Schematic diagram of the study design. c The influence of retention and flow-through fractions of Eh_B17 on ZIKV infection in Ae. aegypti for 7 d (n = 19 for LB; n = 20 for retention; n = 22 for flow-through; n = 21 for lysates; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc tests). Each point represents one mosquito. d Schematic diagram of the study design. e The role of six fractions from the flow-through fractions of Eh_B17 on ZIKV infection in Ae. aegypti for 7 d (n = 20 for both LB and F5; n = 18 for F1; n = 19 for F2; n = 22 for F3, F4, and F6; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc tests). Each point represents one mosquito. f Venn diagram showing the metabolites with KEGG ID of these three bacteria from both positive and negative ion modes. g Sankey dot plot of the 38 common metabolites for these two bacteria from both ion modes. The Sankey columns represent the gene name (the left columns) and the corresponding pathways (the bottom columns). The size of the dot plot indicates the number of genes in the corresponding pathway and the color represents the p-value (two-sided Fisher’s exact test with Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment). The MetaboAnalyst 5.0 web server was used for KEGG enrichment analysis. The top of each column shows the number of infected mosquitoes relative to the total number of mosquitoes. Percentages represent the rate of mosquito infection in c and e. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.