Fig. 1: A collection of mutant mitochondrial genotypes stably persisting in a heteroplasmic state despite disruption of essential respiratory genes.

a C. elegans mitochondrial genome, with the locations and sizes of mutations represented by the color-coded bars: uaDf5 (red), mpt2 (blue), mptDf2 (purple), mpt4 (orange), mptDf3 (green). b Distribution of heteroplasmic mutant frequencies for age-synchronized adult animals each carrying one of the mutations shown in (a) (data are provided in Source Data file). Error bars indicate mean and 95% confidence interval of mean: 0.63 ± 0.03 (uaDf5); 0.67 ± 0.7 (mpt2); 0.38 ± 0.07 (mptDf3); 0.79 ± 0.02 (mptDf2); 0.79 ± 0.03 (mpt4). c Schematic of multilevel selection, with a selfish mitochondrial genome undergoing positive intra-organismal (within-host) selection and negative inter-organismal (between-host) selection. Shading indicates frequency of selfish mtDNA.