Fig. 3: Anomalies of the ocean CO₂ sink constrained at global scale and by latitude bands between 1990 and 2022.

a The global ocean is divided into three latitudinal bands: b North (>30°N), c Tropics (30°N–30°S), and d South (<30°S). The black line represents NEMO-PlankTOM12.1 standard simulation, the red line with the dots represents the hybrid approach, and the blue line represents the fCO₂-products. The fCO₂-product estimate is shown with ± 1σ. For each time series, the long-term mean between 1990 and 1999 was removed to focus on the variability of the ocean CO₂ sink. fCO₂-product data credit: Global Carbon Budget 2023, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en), no changes were made.