Fig. 3: The performance of Zn||Zn symmetric cell in 50 mM ZnSO4 electrolyte with or without LiCl additive.

a The long cycle performance of Zn||Zn symmetric cell in the 50 mM ZnSO₄ electrolyte at 1.0 mA cm⁻²/1.0 mAh cm⁻² (Zn utilization: 2.4%, Blank: 50 mM ZnSO₄). b A schematic illustration of X-ray diffraction mapping employing a 21 × 21 grid, with each grid segment being 1 × 1 μm² and featuring no overlap. c The ex situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (SXRD) spectra of Zn negative electrode in the 50 mMZnSO₄ electrolyte after 20 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻²/1mAh cm⁻². d The 1st cycle curve of Zn||Zn symmetric with the 50 mM ZnSO₄ electrolyte containing 50 mM LiCl additive at a current density of 0.5 mA cm⁻²/1.5 mAh cm⁻². e and f The in situ SXRD spectra of Zn||Zn symmetric cell for Zn Stripping state Zn Plating state, respectively, with the 50 mM ZnSO₄ electrolyte containing 50 mM LiCl additive at a current density of 0.5 mA cm⁻²/1.5 mAh cm⁻². These spectra are labeled in (d).