Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the core-hole-clock method. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the core-hole-clock method.

From: Attosecond formation of charge-transfer-to-solvent states of aqueous ions probed using the core-hole-clock technique

Fig. 1

a In the first step, below the metal-cation ionization threshold, a core electron is excited to the virtual orbitals and leaves a hole in the coreshell. If the excited electron remains localized in the atomic orbital, a spectator Auger–Meitner (AM) electron is emitted (upper process, yielding the red peak in panel b). If the electron delocalizes into the environment, a normal AM electron is emitted (lower process, yielding the blue peak in panel b). b Depending on the core-hole lifetime, τ1s, and the delocalization time, τdelocalization, different spectator and normal AM electron signal-intensity ratios are obtained.

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