Fig. 5: Clinical sleep monitoring by JAH.

a Clinical sleep monitoring and the difference in device electrodes after using JAH and commercial EEG gel. b The positions of JAH for EEG, EOG, and ECG during clinical sleep monitoring. c Effect of residual gel on bioelectrical signals. d Damping effect of JAH on dynamic noise in the frequency range 0.1–1 Hz. e Raw EEG, EOG, and ECG data measured from the polysomnography (PSG) system (F4, C4, O2. LEO, REOG) by JAH, capturing the characteristic signals of the five sleep stages (awake, N1, N2, N3, and REM).