Table 1 Variables and their data source

The ratio of LCR to PGR

LCRPGR

Dependent variable

https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrcopendata/GHSL/GHS_BUILT_S_GLOBE_R2023A/https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?view=chart

Security of Land Property Rights

SLPR

Key explanatory variable

https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/approach

Legal origin

Legal_origin

Instrument variable

https://www.sipotra.it/old/wpcontent/uploads/2017/01/The-Long-Economic-and-Political-Shadow-of-History.pdf#page=122⁸¹

Available Land Per Capita

ALPC

Control Variable

https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data 1980–2020

https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/AG.SRF.TOTL.K2https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?view=chart

Gross Domestic Product per capita

GDP

Control Variable

https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?view=chart

Industry Value Added (% of GDP)

IVA

Control Variable

https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NV.IND.TOTL.ZS?view=chart

Urbanization Rate

UR

Control Variable

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS

Quality of Overall Infrastructure

QOI

Control Variable

https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/WEF+GCIHH+EOSQ056

Regulatory Quality Estimate

RQE

Control Variable

http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/

Foreign Direct Investment Rate

FDIRATE

Control Variable

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD

Net migration Rate

NMIRATE

Control Variable

https://www.migrationdataportal.org/international-data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020