Fig. 3: Radiosensitization of RMn-NBs in vitro.

a GSH levels in CT26 cells detected by fluorescence thiol probe (green fluorescence) merged with DAPI, scale bar = 20 μm. b The percentage of GSH+ cells detected by flow cytometry (FCM) (n = 3 cell samples). c Intracellular ROS generation in CT26 cells detected by H2DCFDA (green fluorescence) merged with DAPI, scale bar = 20 μm. d The percentage of ROS+ cells detected by FCM (n = 3 cell samples). e Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RMn-NBs against 3T3 and CT26 cells (n = 3 cell samples). The cytotoxicity of PBS, RANa, MnCl2, and RMn-NBs against CT26 cells (f) without and (g) with X-ray irradiation (6 Gy × 1) (n = 3 cell samples). All data are shown as mean ± SD. All experiments are repeated twice independently with similar results. Statistical analysis is performed using two-tailed Student’s t-test for comparing two groups, and one-way ANOVA analysis of variance for multiple groups. p > 0.05 represent nonsignificance, while p < 0.05 indicate statistical significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.