Fig. 2: Characterization of evolved Δepd ΔgapA strains.

a Schematic representation of the metabolic map of the PN auxotrophic strain, Δepd ΔgapA (EG1 and EG2, Supplementary Table 1). Red crosses indicate metabolic steps affected by indicated gene deletions. Carbon sources are indicated in purple. The full metabolic map is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Abbreviations, 1,3PG – glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate; 3PG – glycerate 3-phosphate; 4PER – erythronate 4-phosphate; E4P – erythrose 4-phosphate; GAP – glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; PLP – pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. b The parental EG1 and EG2 were not able to grow on minimal medium without PN, while the evolved isolates grew. The details of the strains are listed in Supplementary Table 1. Medium compositions are M9 with 5 mM glycerol and 20 mM succinate. N = 4, lines represent mean values and patches indicate SD. c Mutations that emerged from adaptive laboratory evolution are only in sad and thrA, causing protein sequence nonsynonymous change (in blue), frameshift (in pink), or gene amplification (in orange). The detailed mutations are provided in Supplementary Table 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.