Fig. 3: Effects of warming and management on microbial diversity and community composition at 0-5 cm soil depth.
From: Conservation agriculture improves soil health and sustains crop yields after long-term warming
a, b Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of soil fungal and bacterial communities based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Statistical analysis was performed using nested permutational multivariate analysis of variance (nested PERMANOVA) analysis. c Effects of warming and management on microbial richness of soil total fungi, fungal guild, and bacteria. Boxplots display the mean (horizontal line), the 25th and 75th percentiles (colored box), the minimum and maximum (whiskers). Data were analyzed based on eight sampling years (n = 24 independent soil samples per treatment). Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed model with sampling time as random factors. Statistical significance is based on Wald type II χ² tests. All reported P values result from two-sided statistical tests where *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Conserv-Amb, conservation agriculture without warming; Conserv-Warm, conservation agriculture with warming; Conven-Amb, conventional agriculture without warming; Conven-Warm, conventional agriculture with warming. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
