Fig. 5: Household income, educational attainment, and cognitive measurements associated with sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA).

A Forest plots show the results of ordinal regression analyses of the correlation between SCA and household income or educational attainment. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Household income and educational attainment data were only available for the UK Biobank (blue) and All of Us (green) ASD-negative control cohorts. B Stacked bar plots show the proportion of each SCA in each household income or educational attainment bracket in the UK Biobank and All of Us ASD-negative control cohorts. For the All of Us cohort, no data or statistics can be reported that allow a participant count of 1 to 20 to be derived, therefore only two household income brackets are shown (<$10 K per year and ≥ $10 K per year), and three educational attainment brackets are shown (did not complete 12^th grade, completed 12^th grade or GED, and completed at least one year beyond 12^th grade). Bracket colors range from gray for the lowest household income or educational attainment bracket to yellow for highest household income or educational attainment bracket. C Fluid intelligence exam performance in the UK Biobank was measured by an exam given to participants. Forest plot shows the standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals of fluid intelligence exam performance for each comparison between sex chromosome complements, calculated using linear regression. Colors indicate the central hypothesis from Green et al.⁹, tested in the comparison. The density plot to the right shows the distribution of fluid intelligence exam performance z-scores for each SCA. Vertical dashed lines denote the mean fluid intelligence exam performance z-score for each SCA. Sample sizes used to derive statistics for fluid intelligence exam performance by sex chromosome complement are as follows: 46, XX, 128,942; 46, XY, 106,783; 47, XXY, 87; 47, XYY, 72; 47, XXX, 56; 45, X, 19. D) Forest plot shows the standard deviation (points) and 95% confidence intervals (error bars) of six additional cognitive tests (pairs matching (n = 472,378), reaction time (n = 482,486), digit span (n = 161,626), symbol digit (n = 131,797), numeric trail making (n = 119,731), and alphanumeric trail making (n = 119,131)) for sex-matched comparisons between SCAs and 46, XX or 46, XY, calculated using linear regression. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.