Fig. 4: Transcriptomic profiles of the recommended restrictive vs liberal fluid strategy groups.

a A volcano plot illustrates differentially expressed genes between restrictive and liberal fluid strategy groups. Positive values denote higher expression in the restrictive group than the liberal group. p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. b The dot plot displays gene ontology (GO) enrichment pathways for the differentially expressed genes. Adjusted two-sided p-values are indicated by color, while circle size represents gene count. c The dot plot exhibits Molecular Knowledge-based Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (MKEGG) enrichment pathways for the differentially expressed genes. Adjusted two-sided p-values are depicted by color, with circle size indicating gene count. d A tree plot presents GO enrichment pathways for differentially expressed genes using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Adjusted two-sided p-values are visualized by color, while circle size reflects gene count. MKEGG refers to the “molecular knowledge-based” pathway database provided by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). This database contains curated information on molecular interactions, reactions, and pathways in various biological systems, including metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and diseases. In the figure, Ensembl IDs and gene symbols are used. Some genes do not have official gene symbols because they were recently discovered or annotated and might not have been evaluated and approved. Some genomic elements, such as pseudogenes or certain types of non-coding RNA, may not be given symbols because they do not encode proteins or have known regulatory functions. For instance, the Ensembl ID ENSG00000264063 corresponds to an RNA gene that is specifically categorized under the class of microRNAs (miRNAs). As a non-coding RNA, it has not been assigned a conventional gene symbol.