Fig. 5: Ferroelectric properties, electrostriction characteristics, energy storage performance, and charge-discharge behavior of MLCCs.

a Room temperature unipolar hysteresis loops of 500 kV·cm−1. b Electrostrain. c Weibull distribution. d Room temperature unipolar hysteresis loops of breakdown electric field. e Room temperature energy storage density. f Room temperature energy storage efficiency. g Room temperature pulse discharge curves. h Room temperature discharge energy density of nontextured, < 001 >-textured and < 111 >-textured MLCCs. i Comparison of energy storage performance.