Fig. 8: Periodontium regeneration in periodontitis under diabetic condition.

a–d Micro-CT images of the rat maxillary first molar at the site of implantation. Quantification analysis of BV/TV (b) and RF-ABC distance (d) in the six groups (mean ± SEM, n = 4 independent biological samples, one-way ANOVA). BV bone volume, TV total volume, RF root furcation, ABC alveolar bone crest. e HE staining of the defect area at 4 weeks after implantation. AB alveolar bone. FT fiber tissue. R root. f, g Masson’s trichrome staining of the defect area in various groups and quantification analysis (mean ± SEM, n = 6 independent biological samples, one-way ANOVA). h HE staining images of newly formed periodontal ligament. in periodontal defects at 4 weeks post-operation. The black angles indicated the angulation of newly formed periodontal ligament. PDL periodontal ligament. i Analysis of the angular values of newly formed ligaments for five groups, and dotted line represented average angle of native mature ligament fibers (mean ± SEM, n = 5 independent biological samples, one-way ANOVA). j Schematic illustration of the mechanism of the BNP-PEDOT-PSF-AG hydrogel in promoting integrate periodontium regeneration under diabetic periodontic condition. MSC mesenchymal stem cell, ROS reactive oxygen species, MSC mesenchymal stem cell.