Fig. 5: System with redundant collider variables.
From: Decomposing causality into its synergistic, unique, and redundant components

Same as Fig. 2. The symbol ≡ indicates that variables Q2 and Q3 are identical.
From: Decomposing causality into its synergistic, unique, and redundant components

Same as Fig. 2. The symbol ≡ indicates that variables Q2 and Q3 are identical.