Fig. 3: The in vitro fungicidal evaluation of PCW.

a The in vitro fungicidal evaluation in aqueous solution. C. albicans was incubated with different concentrations of Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent). b The in vitro fungicidal evaluation in MOPS buffer with different pH. C. albicans was incubated with different concentrations of Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW in MOPS buffer at different pH (5, 10, 20 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent). c The in vitro fungicidal evaluation in FBS. C. albicans was incubated with Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW in various volume ratios (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) of FBS/H₂O (20 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent). d The in vitro fungicidal evaluation in SDB. C. albicans was incubated with different concentrations of Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW in 20% SDB (5, 10, 20 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent). e Additive effect of Cu²⁺ and Lyw against C. albicans determined by checkerboard microdilution assays. f Synergistic effect of PC and Lyw against C. albicans determined by checkerboard microdilution assays. g Plates images of C. albicans and A. flavus after incubation with MOPS (control), Cu²⁺, Cu²⁺+Lyw, PC, PCW, and AmB. h Live (green)/dead (red) staining images of C. albicans after incubation with MOPS (control), Cu²⁺, Cu²⁺+Lyw, PC, PCW, and AmB. The merged images were presented as mixed channels of NO1 (green) and PI (red). g, h showed one of three independent experiments with similar results. Data for (a–d) were presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). error bars = SD. Significance of (a–d) were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Source data were provided in Source Data file.