Fig. 5: The in vitro antibiofilm and biosafety evaluation of PCW.

a Crystal violet staining images of C. albicans biofilms after treated with Cu²⁺, Cu²⁺+Lyw, PC, PCW, and AmB. b Quantitative analysis of crystal violet absorbance (n = 8 independent experiments). c Live (green)/dead (red) staining images of C. albicans biofilms after incubation with Cu²⁺, Cu²⁺+Lyw, PC, PCW, and AmB. The images were presented as mixed channels of NO1 (green) and PI (red). d Quantitative analysis of biofilm thickness (n = 3 independent experiments). e Viability of NIH-3T3 cells after incubation with different concentrations of Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW (1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent) (n = 5 independent experiments). f The hemolysis rate of red blood cells after incubation with different concentrations of Cu²⁺, PC, and PCW (1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL, Cu²⁺ equivalent) (n = 3 independent experiments). MOPS treatment was control. a, c Showed one of three independent experiments with similar results. Data for (b, d–f) were presented as mean values ± SD. error bars = SD. Significance of (b, d) were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Source data were provided in Source Data file.