Fig. 6: Laser-induced PL quenching in GO for optical encoding.

a Schematic representation of the laser encoding process, where a focused laser beam selectively quenches photoluminescence in graphene oxide to record binary data. The binary code is based on the high PL signal from pristine GO indicating “0” and the low signal from reduced GO indicating “1”. The inset shows the binary encoding and a 7-bit ASCII representation of “TERS-team” encoded onto the GO film. b, c Raman microscopy image displaying the encoded binary information on a GO film, where the dark squares represent reduced GO with quenched PL (“1”), and the bright squares correspond to unirradiated GO (“0”) on September 2023 (b) and March 2024 (c). d Optical micrographs of the GO film before and after the laser encoding process demonstrate the invisibility of the encoded data.