Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the integrated CCU (carbon capture and utilization) process.

A Carbamate formation of amines and CO2 via a nucleophilic attack. Schematic overview of electroreduction of CO2 via B indirect or C direct carbamate reduction and D CO2 capture and conversion energetics for indirect and direct CCU (adapted from ref. 18). CCU Carbon capture and utilization, eCO2RR electrochemical reduction reaction of CO2.