Fig. 8: Capture of LNP, LNPi and coronated LNPi by immune cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo.

a The percentage of FITC-positive THP1 cells was quantified after a 10-min treatment with LNP, LNPi, and coronated LNPi, with error bars representing the standard deviation of n = 3 independent measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. P-values < 0.05 are reported. b Analysis of FITC-positive leukocyte subpopulations was conducted after treatment with LNPs. FACS analysis was carried out on PBMC from blood samples of n = 6 healthy donors following a 5-minute incubation with LNPs. Statistical analysis was performed using ratio-paired Student’s t-tests. c–e The distribution of LNP, LNPi, and coronated LNPi in the blood (c, n = 6, 8, 5, respectively), spleen (d, n = 6, 8, 5, respectively), and liver (e, n = 3, 5, 3, respectively) was evaluated after intravenous injection in 8–10-weeks-old C57BL/6 female mice. Uptake was expressed as a percentage of FITC-positive cells (including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages). Mice were sacrificed two hours post-LNP injection. Statistical analysis was conducted through one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. P-values < 0.05 are reported. Boxplots are represented by minimum (lower whisker), maximum (upper whisker), sample median (central line), and the first and third quartiles (lower and upper bound of boxes). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Sketches have been created by using Biorender.com.