Fig. 4: In vitro antimicrobial effect and mechanism of action by combination of r&bLED patch and F-gel.
From: A wearable and stretchable dual-wavelength LED device for home care of chronic infected wounds
a Schematic illustration of the experimental design and antimicrobial mechanism. b, Killing curves of indicated bacterial strains in planktonic cultures (n = 5 biologically independent samples in each group). c Checkerboards for synergistic interactions between bLED and F-gel against indicated bacterial strains in planktonic cells. d, Distribution plot of S values. e, f Representative scanning electron micrographs (e) and transmission electron micrographs (f) of MRSA and Pa with or without treatment of bLED (30 J/cm2) and F-gel (final TQ concentration, 100 μg/mL). Arrows indicate bacterial envelope damage, asterisks indicate vacuoles and bubbles in cells. g, h Representative fluorescence images of the planktonic cells from MRSA (upper) and Pa (bottom) after combinatory treatment of bLED (30 J/cm2) and F-gel (final TQ concentration, 100 μg/mL). Bacterial intracellular ROS and ·OH were evaluated by H2DCFDA (g) and HPF (h) staining, respectively, and bacterial viability was evaluated by PI staining. i, Confocal images and corresponding 3D images of SYTOTM 9 (green) and PI (red) stained mature biofilms after different treatments (bLED, 60 J/cm2; final TQ concentration of F-gel, 100 μg/mL). j, Heat map of the expressed genes of Pa after treatment with PBS and bLED (15 J/cm2) with F-gel (final TQ concentration, 100 μg/mL) (fold change ≥ 2 and q < 0.05). k Functional classification of the differentially expressed genes between PBS group and bLED with F-gel group by GO enrichment analysis. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Panel a was created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license.
